REPLICATION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS- Replication of Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) replicates independently of nuclear DNA and does not follow the cell cycle. The replication mechanism of cpDNA varies among different plant species and is still not fully understood. However, two main models have been proposed: 1. Modes of Chloroplast DNA Replication Semi-Conservative Replication … Read more
GENOME ORGANIZATION Inverted repeats Linear structure Nucleoids 1. What is the structure of chloroplast DNA? a) Linearb) Circularc) Double helixd) Single-stranded Answer: b) Circular 2. How many copies of chloroplast DNA are typically found in higher plant cells? a) 1000b) 10,000c) 50,000d) 1,00,000 Answer: b) 10,000 3. What technique was initially used to isolate chloroplast … Read more
Isolation of Chloroplast Components Chloroplast isolation is a crucial technique in plant biology that allows scientists to study photosynthesis, energy conversion, and organelle function. By isolating chloroplasts and their individual components, researchers can analyze their biochemical properties, membrane structures, and enzymatic activities. This process involves breaking plant cells, separating chloroplasts, and further fractionating them into … Read more
Chloroplast structure Introduction Chloroplast structure -Chloroplasts are the most common and essential plastids in green plants as they are the site of photosynthesis. They possess the ability to convert radiant energy into energy stored in food material, which is directly and indirectly utilized by living organisms. Chloroplasts were first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in … Read more
Plasmodesmata: Role in Movement of Molecules and Macromolecules Plasmodesmata are microscopic cytoplasmic channels that traverse plant cell walls, allowing direct communication and transport between adjacent cells. These structures play a crucial role in the movement of both small molecules (water, ions, sugars) and macromolecules (proteins, RNA, viruses). between 30-50 nm, with variations in permeability controlled … Read more
COMPARISON WITH GAP JUNCTION In plants, the equivalent of gap junctions in animal cells are plasmodesmata. While animal cells use gap junctions for intercellular communication, plant cells rely on plasmodesmata to facilitate the exchange of molecules and signals between adjacent cells. 1. Structure of Plasmodesmata (Equivalent of Gap Junctions in Plants) A. Basic Structure B. … Read more
PLASMODESMATA #Primary – It is formed during cell division #Secondary – It is form between mature cell Structure of Plasmodesmata 1 – Plasmodesmatal Plasma membrane 2-Cytoplasmic sleeve 3- Desmotubules INTERNAL STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS 1. What are plasmodesmata? A) Microscopic channels in the cell membrane of animal cellsB) Microscopic channels in the cell wall of plant and … Read more
RECEPTORS The role of the receptor Neurotransmitters: Hormones: Note: Chemical messengers ‘switch on’ receptors without undergoing a reaction The Binding Site Induced Fit Main Types of Receptor Ion Channel Receptors Gating G Protein–Coupled Receptors Bacteriorhodopsin & Rhodopsin Family Tyrosine kinase – linked receptors Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF- R) Intracellular receptors Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), ETR1 … Read more
PUMPS (SITES FOR ATPase) Types of Pumps P- Class Pumps (ATP powered Pump) (i) Na+K+ATPase (ii) H+- K+ ATPase (iii) Ca 2+ ATPase V -Classes pump F Class Pump ABC (ATP binding Cassette) transporter E.g. MCQs on Pumps (ATPase Sites) 1. What is the primary function of an ATP-powered pump? A) Passive transport of ionsB) … Read more
CHANNELS Types of Channels Ion Channels Ligand-Gated Channels Ligand-Gated Channels Mechanically-Gated Channels Mechanically-Gated Channels Voltage-Gated Channels Voltage-Gated Channels Voltage-gated channels open when the transmembrane voltage changes around them. Amino acids in the structure of the protein are sensitive to charge and cause the pore to open or close. Leakage Channels Leakage Channels In certain situations, … Read more
