This is Two type (A) Symmetrical karyotype (B) Asymmetrical karyotyping – The karyotype of the human female contains 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes: The karyotype of the human male contains: Process of Karyotyping Sterilization– Sampling and Culture– Cell Synchronization- Harvesting and Slide preparation– Observation in microscope – Photography- Karyotype Evolution 🔹 1. The karyotype is … Read more
Heterochromatin Function Types of Heterochromatin Constitutive heterochromatin Facultative heterochromatin Euchromatin Structure Appearance Function 🔹 1. Who first defined heterochromatin in 1928? A. WatsonB. Heitz ✅C. CrickD. Morgan🧠 Explanation: Heitz first described heterochromatin based on its staining properties. 🔹 2. Euchromatin is characterized by: A. Dense stainingB. Peripheral localizationC. Loose DNA packing ✅D. Inactive genes🧠 Explanation: … Read more
Nucleolus Evolution Number and Structure Structure Morphologically nucleolus consists of three regions: Fibrillar regions: Granular regions : Protein region: Chromatin part: Perinucleolar Chromatin: Intranucleolar chromatin: Functions: Chemical Composition of nucleolus: Function of Nucleolus: Ribosomal RNA Genes Fig Biogenesis of ribosomes MCQ 🧪 PART A: Simple Conceptual MCQs (1–30) 1. Who discovered the nucleolus? A. Robert … Read more
MOLECULAR ORGANISATION OF CENTROMERE AND TELOMERE Centromere (i) Conserved element I (CDE I): (ii) Conserved element II (CDE II): (iii) Conserved element III (CDE III): Telomere 🔹 PART A: CENTROMERE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION Q1. What is the primary function of the centromere in a chromosome?A. RNA synthesisB. DNA replication✅ C. Attachment site for spindle fibersD. … Read more
Nucleosome Chromatin → Nucleosomal monomers Containing the spacer DNA (160 base pairs) → Core nucleosomes (140 base pairs) → Subnucleosomal particles 🔹 PART A: Basic Concept of Nucleosome Q1. The term “nucleosome” was first coined by:A. Olius and Woodcock✅ B. Oudet et al.C. Watson and CrickD. Hershey and Chase Q2. … Read more
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE Detailed structure of chromosome Chromatid 1- Sister chromatid 2-Non sister chromatid Chromonema – Centromere/Primary constriction – According to the no. of centromere these are the following types According to the position of centromere chromosomes are following types 1. Telocentric – 2. Acrocentric 3. Sub metacentric 4. Metacentric 4. Kinetochore – 5. Chromomere – … Read more
CHROMOSOMAL ORGANISATION (Chroma-color, soma-body) Chromosome Numbers At the time of gametes formation, their number remains half (N), that becomes 2N again after fertilization. Eukaryotic Chromosome Organization The following material are present in the Eukaryotic Chromosome 1.DNA RNA Protein Two types of proteins are present in chromosomes. 1- Histone protein 2- Non – Histone protein 3- … Read more
Confocal Microscopy Types Basic Concepts – Imaging Modes – Three-Color Imaging for Confocal Microscopy – True or False: Scanning electron microscopes and laser scanning confocal microscopes both can produce 3D images.– Answer: True– UK OCR A‑Level Biology, June 2020 OpenStax+7Scribd+7OCR+7OCR+1Study Mind+1 **Which microscope captures optical sections for 3D reconstructions?**a) Phase contrastb) Differential interference contrastc) Confocal … Read more
GISH The Main steps involved in the genomic in situ hybridization are: The major application of GISH technique are as follows:
FISH-Fluorescent in situ hybridization Preparation and Hybridization Process Variations on Probes and Analysis Medical applications Species identification
