Month: March 2025

Isolation of Chloroplast Components

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Isolation of Chloroplast Components Chloroplast isolation is a crucial technique in plant biology that allows scientists to study photosynthesis, energy conversion, and organelle function. By isolating chloroplasts and their individual components, researchers can analyze their biochemical properties, membrane structures, and enzymatic activities. This process involves breaking plant cells, separating chloroplasts, and further fractionating them into … Read more

Chloroplast structure

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Chloroplast structure Introduction Chloroplast structure -Chloroplasts are the most common and essential plastids in green plants as they are the site of photosynthesis. They possess the ability to convert radiant energy into energy stored in food material, which is directly and indirectly utilized by living organisms. Chloroplasts were first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in … Read more

Plasmodesmata: Role in Movement of Molecules and Macromolecules

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Plasmodesmata: Role in Movement of Molecules and Macromolecules Plasmodesmata are microscopic cytoplasmic channels that traverse plant cell walls, allowing direct communication and transport between adjacent cells. These structures play a crucial role in the movement of both small molecules (water, ions, sugars) and macromolecules (proteins, RNA, viruses). between 30-50 nm, with variations in permeability controlled … Read more

COMPARISON WITH GAP JUNCTION

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COMPARISON WITH GAP JUNCTION In plants, the equivalent of gap junctions in animal cells are plasmodesmata. While animal cells use gap junctions for intercellular communication, plant cells rely on plasmodesmata to facilitate the exchange of molecules and signals between adjacent cells. 1. Structure of Plasmodesmata (Equivalent of Gap Junctions in Plants) A. Basic Structure B. … Read more

PLASMODESMATA

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PLASMODESMATA #Primary – It is formed during cell division #Secondary – It is form between mature cell Structure of Plasmodesmata 1 – Plasmodesmatal Plasma membrane 2-Cytoplasmic sleeve 3- Desmotubules INTERNAL STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS 1. What are plasmodesmata? A) Microscopic channels in the cell membrane of animal cellsB) Microscopic channels in the cell wall of plant and … Read more

RECEPTORS

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RECEPTORS The role of the receptor Neurotransmitters:  Hormones:  Note:  Chemical messengers ‘switch on’ receptors without undergoing a reaction The Binding Site Induced Fit Main Types of Receptor Ion Channel Receptors Gating G Protein–Coupled Receptors Bacteriorhodopsin & Rhodopsin Family Tyrosine kinase – linked receptors Epidermal growth factor receptor  (EGF- R) Intracellular receptors Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), ETR1 … Read more

CHANNELS

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CHANNELS Types of Channels Ion Channels Ligand-Gated Channels Ligand-Gated Channels Mechanically-Gated Channels Mechanically-Gated Channels Voltage-Gated Channels Voltage-Gated Channels Voltage-gated channels open when the transmembrane voltage changes around them. Amino acids in the structure of the protein are sensitive to charge and cause the pore to open or close. Leakage Channels Leakage Channels In certain situations, … Read more

MODELS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE

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MODELS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE (i) Lipid Monolayer Model Of Langmuir- (ii) Lipid Bilayer Model Of Gorter & Grendel-  (iii) The Danielli-Davson Model- (iv) Robertson’s Model Or Unit Membrane Hypothesis:– (v) Fluid Mosaic Model–  1. Lipids are present in two layers. 2. Proteins are arranged in two ways: a) Some are embedded in lipid  layer, called … Read more

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