Endoplasmic Reticulum Morphology Cisternae. Vesicles. Tubules. Ultra structure Types of Endoplasmic reticulum 1. Agranular or Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Glycosomes. 2. Granular of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Isolation and chemical composition Enzymes of the ER membranes The enzymes of the endoplasmic reticulum perform the following important functions : 1. Synthesis of glycerides, e.g., triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids and … Read more
Lysosomes History Lysosomes were investigated according to following two schools Occurrence Structure Isolation and Chemical Composition Lysosomal Enzymes Kind of Lysosomes 1. Primary Lysosomes 2. Heterophagosome 3. Autophagosomes 4. Residual Bodies Origin Function of Lysosomes The important functions of lysosomes are as follow : 1. Digestion of large extracellular particles. 2. Digestion of intracellular substances. … Read more
Glyoxysomes Functions Glyoxysomes perform following biochemical activities of plants cells : (1) Fatty acid metabolism. (2) Glyoxylate cycle. Isocitratase Isocitrate Glyoxylate + Succinate Malate synthetase Acetyl CoA+Glyoxylate Malate 2 Acetyl-CoA+NAD+ Succintiate + … Read more
The development of the term apoptosis The significance of apoptosis Morphological features of apoptosis 🧬 Section 1: Origin and Definition of Apoptosis 🌱 Section 2: Biological Significance of Apoptosis 🔬 Section 3: Morphological Features of Apoptosis 🧪 Section 4: Miscellaneous and Evolutionary Aspects 🔁 Section 5: Applied and Functional Understanding
Cell cycle inhibitors Checkpoints 1. G1 Checkpoint Type of Cells: a. Permanent Go Cells: Those cells that enter Go state and remain in ground state. Example;- neurons, skeletal muscle, RBC b. Stable Go Cells: Those Cells that enter Go state and leave ground state given the right stimuli. Example;- Hepatocytes and Lymphocytes c. Labile Go … Read more
Mechanism of Translation, Initiation, Elongation and Termination Formation of Aminoacyl tRNA a) Activation of amino acid AA + ATP –ENZYME- (aa1-AMP) -Enz1 + PPi B) The transfer of amino acid to tRNA (aa1-AMP) Enz1 + t-RNA1 —— aa1- t-RNA1 + AMP + Enz1 Initiation of Polypeptide Initiation in eukaryotes Kozak’s ribosome scanning hypothesis for … Read more
TRANSCRIPTION RNA polymerase-I or A: RNA polymerase-II or B: RNA polymerase-III or C: Promoters for RNA Polymerase II The transcription unit GENERAL FEATURES of TRANSCRIPTION Promoter, enhancer and silencer sites for initiation of transcription in eukaryotes RNA polymerase I or RNAPI RNA polymerase II or RNAPII RNA polymerase III or RNAPIII RNA Polymerases Transcription Components … Read more
The dynamic of cell structure, organization of the plant cell Introduction Structure and Organization of the Plant Cell Introduction The plant cell is a fundamental unit of life, serving as the building block for all plant organisms. It is unique in its structure and function, exhibiting specialized components that enable it to perform essential life … Read more
