Eukaryotic transcription I. Pre initiation complex II. Promoter melting and open complex formation III. Abortive initiation IV. Promoter escape V. Elongation Elongation factors: VI. Termination (a) Factor dependent termination (b) Factor independent termination Section I: Pre-initiation Complex & General Transcription Factors Section II: Promoter Melting and Open Complex Formation Section III: Abortive Initiation Section IV: … Read more
Transcription in prokaryotes Initiation, 2. Elongation: 3. Termination: Rho independent or RNA based: Rho dependent or protein-based: Initiation Stage RNA Polymerase Structure Elongation Stage Termination Stage General Mechanisms Advanced Concepts Miscellaneous True/False Style Scenario-Based Final Questions
TRANSCRIPTION RNA polymerase-I or A: RNA polymerase-II or B: RNA polymerase-III or C: Promoters for RNA Polymerase II The transcription unit GENERAL FEATURES of TRANSCRIPTION Promoter, enhancer and silencer sites for initiation of transcription in eukaryotes RNA polymerase I or RNAPI RNA polymerase II or RNAPII RNA polymerase III or RNAPIII RNA Polymerases Transcription Components … Read more
DAMAGE AND REPAIR Introduction to DNA Damage and Repair: DAMAGE Types of Damage: Damage to DNA includes any deviation from the usual double helix structure. 1. Simple Mutations: 2. Deamination: 3. Missing Bases: 4. Chemical Modification of Bases: 5. Formation of Pyrimidine Dimers (Thymine Dimers): 6. Strand Breaks: Repair Mechanisms: 1. Direct Repair: 2. Excision … Read more
REPLICATION Semi-conservative replication of Chromosomes in eukaryotes: Theoretically, there may be following three possible modes of DNA replication: Semiconservative mode is the most accepted of all. DNA Replication is Semi-Conservative: Meselson and Stahl Experiment: Fig. Semiconservative replication. STEPS OF DNA REPLICATION DNA-Replication Stages of Replication The DNA synthesis or replication can be divided into three … Read more
A, B and Z forms Right handed DNA 1. ‘A’-DNA 2. B’-DNA or Right handed DNA 3. ‘C’-DNA and ‘D’-DNA 4. ‘Z-DNA or Left handed DNA MCQs on Right-Handed and Left-Handed DNA 1. What is the length of the helix in A-DNA? a) 34 Åb) 28.15 Åc) 20.2 Åd) 31 Å 2. How many base … Read more
DNA STRUCTURE DNA STRUCTURE – Biochemical composition of DNA (1) A pentose sugar -the 5 carbon deoxyribose sugar (2) 2. Phosphoric Acid (H₃PO₄) (3) Nitrogenous base-a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen 1. Pentose sugar molecule These are Two type – (2) 2. Phosphoric Acid (H₃PO₄) 3. Nitrogenous bases (a) Purines and (b) Pyrimidines. (a) Purines : … Read more
NUCLEOSOME ORGANIZATION Important points of this model are as follows: SOLENOID MODEL: Ubiquitination, acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation of histones in the nucleosome. 1-10: Basic Concepts of Nucleosome Organization 11-20: Solenoid Model and Higher Order Chromatin Structure 21-30: Histone Modifications in Chromatin Regulation 31-40: Chromatin Structure and Function 41-50: Chromatin Compaction and Higher-Order Organization
Nuclear Pores 1. Introduction to Nuclear Pores Nuclear pores are large protein complexes that penetrate the nuclear envelope, regulating the movement of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm. These pores are essential for cellular communication, gene expression, and protein synthesis. 🔹 Found in all eukaryotic cells🔹 Composed of a nuclear pore complex (NPC)🔹 Act as … Read more
NUCLEUS STRUCTURE OF NUCLEUS 1. Nuclear Membrane: 2. Nucleoplasm: Functions : 3. Chromatin Net or thread : Heterochromatin : Euchromatin : 4. Nucleolus : Ultrastructure : I. Fibrillar regions: Ii. Granular regions : Iii. Protein region: iv.Chromatin part: a) Perinucleolar Chromatin: b) Intra-nucleolar chromatin: Functions of Nucleolus Functions of Nucleus NUCLEOLUS cycle & NUCLEOLOGENESIS … Read more
